Deviance Is A Violation Of Social Norms - 1637 Words

Imagine someone rich or powerful committing crimes without the fear of serving consequences. The crime may include murder, robbery, or stealing. Deviance is a label for an action or behavior that violates social norms. Social norms are rules or expectations which usually guide members of society. Deviance is nonconformity to these norms. Social norms can vary from culture to culture and is defined in numerous ways. Many researchers believe that deviance is a violation of social norms. Some believe deviant behavior is breaking the law or acting in a negative manner. Sociologists use specific words to classify deviant actions from a sociological perspective. There are crimes that are deviant actions and not deviant acts. For example; this†¦show more content†¦Many laws are enacted to punish criminals and protect individuals from violent deviant actions. Privileged Deviance is economically costly because some powerful individuals attempt to escape the consequences of deviant a ctions. Deviance occurs through interactions between individuals and groups. The labeling theory discusses the social behavior of how and why individuals continue deviant activity to maintain their identity or label. Thio, Taylor, and Schwartz state â€Å"the word interaction deviance is a human activity involving more than one person’s act† (Thio, et. al, 2013, p. 35). The theory suggests individuals reflect on their behavior and how others view their actions. The labeling theory can be linked to the symbolic interaction foundation perspective. Understanding deviance and criminal behavior are addressed through the labeling theory. Thio, Taylor, and Schwartz suggest that the deviant act begins with the hypothesis that no act is essentially criminal. Criminality is recognized by individuals who feel powerful through the design of laws and the interpretation of law enforcement. Deviance is determined by the interaction between deviant and nondeviant actions and how the c ommunity interprets the actions. Individuals who adhere to the law and promote acceptable behaviors are the main source of labeling. For example; this may include police officers, courts, or school authorities. Defining specificShow MoreRelatedSocial Deviance Is Based On The Violation Of Social Norms1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of social deviance, which is based on the violation of social norms. Depict the social construction based o Becker and The moral entrepreneur such as rule creator and ruler enforcers. To the extend of why rules are created, based on the evolving of the society based on social panic. How society are being brainwashed by the news to place pressure on higher authority in put some rules about. Social panics according to Cohen and the seven stages of aRead MoreDeviance Is A Violation Of Established Contextual, Cultural, Or Social Norms1784 Words   |  8 Pages Crime exists within the broad category of behaviour t hat sociologists call deviance, according to sociologist William Graham Sumner ‘deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether codified by laws or not.’ and crime is behaviour that breaks a law requiring a legal sanction. Crime is socially and historically subjective, as it varies depending on the time and place the act is committed, for example, homosexuality was illegal and punishable by death under theRead MoreWhat is Deviance? Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages Deviance can be defined as an absence of conformity to the social norm. Not all deviant behavior is necessarily illegal or harmful to individuals, these behaviors can range from standing in another’s personal space to murdering another individual. In some cases, it can be looked upon as a positive change or a unique and favorable act. Although, considered deviant because it is not the social norm, it still can have a very positive social aspect or lead to social change. Culture and the societiesRead MoreDeviance Is Not A Quality Of The Act1048 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Becker wrote that deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sometimes to an offender . The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is people so label (Winfree and Abadinsky, p. 227, 2010). Deviance occurs when an individual performs a certain act, possesses certain characteristics, or has a certain belief that will generate a negative reaction from an audienceRead MoreDeviance Theory and Drug Use1619 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of Deviance Applied to Drug Use Since the dawn of society there have been people whose behavior differed from the rest of society. There are many different theories and perspectives on why people do things like abuse drugs, and although we my never have all the answers, sociology still help us to understand the problem better. In order to understand the theories of deviance, and apply them to drug use in our society one must first understand what deviance is. Alex Thio defines deviance as anRead MoreYouth Deviance Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesDeviance is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms. This is an extremely broad definition, and depending on who is explaining it, the above definition can mean a variety of different things. Critically examine the theory of deviance with reference to young people and their membership in deviant subcultures or gangs. Deviance is associated with young people today and is rapidly on the increase within the street and school environment. Young deviants are engaging in gang membershipRead MoreThe Concept of Sociological Perspective of Deviance Essays1127 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept of Sociological Perspective of Deviance also known as â€Å"rule-breaking† behavior or â€Å"counter culture† can be defined as culture norms, values, and morals which shape the social acceptance of individuals or group through their actions or â€Å"unmoral or illegal† behavior. In order to gain a better understanding of Sociological Perspective of Deviance it is important to understand the broad consensus of behavior and its place in society. Situational deviance pertains to a group who engages in behaviorRead MoreSociological Approaches Of Mental Illness1367 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' The Deviance Model places certain individuals who portray qualities of what we may consider as people with mental illness, where their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors violate own or others expectations (the violation of social norms). This sociological approach is frequently debated where the individual is being conceptualized as either sick or deviant which then reflects on their deviant behavior. Deviant behaviors should not determine whether someone is mentally ill or not. There are individualsRead MoreSociological Imagination and Social Issues1251 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Imagination and Social Issues People are more likely to use psychological arguments to explain why things are they way they are rather than look at the sociological aspect of them. They think that problems happening in their lives are personal and overlook that they may be caused by society (Ferris amp; Stein 13). Sociological imagination challenges people to look at the â€Å"intersection between biography and history† and see the role we each play in society (Mills 1959 and Ferris amp;Read MoreDeviance: Social Control Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesIn todays world deviance is everywhere.Where did it come from ? I want to know what is deviance and what reasons adoes it exist .So in this paper I will discover these answers. Deviance is any behavior that does not conform to the prevailing norms of a society.Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms .Deviance is measured by sociteis reaction , its is measured by societies life style ,only behavior that is defined unacceptable in a culture is deviant. Deviance violates some groups

Discipleship Free Essays

Discipleship is always connected with Christ and his call to follow him. In the Bible, numerous references pointed out to how Jesus asked his disciples to follow him. One such example is his experience with Simon and his brother Andrew when Jesus told them: â€Å"Come, follow me†¦ and I will make you fishers of men. We will write a custom essay sample on Discipleship or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Matthew 4:19, NIV). At first the disciples did not know what they would do as they follow Jesus. But they saw him preach, heal the sick and even proclaim the forgiveness of sins. After the resurrection of Jesus, he gave them a new command â€Å"to go and make disciples of all nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Matthew 28:19, NIV). This meant that the disciples were to proclaim the good news of salvation as Jesus preached and lead people into the life that Jesus lived. The Great Commission was not about making converts by the scores and thousands. It was about enabling people to follow Christ—to love one another and love one’s enemies. Discipleship is about the transformation of a person and drawing closer to the perfection that God designed in the first place (Sanders, 2007). Yet, such a process takes time. Discipleship occurs in the confines of a community and the Church. A number of contemporary churches, however, have mistaken program for discipleship. If the model for discipleship of the early church could be captured, then discipleship could be more vibrant in this time and age (Hull, 2006). While the community is important, the individual Christian also has to display the ardent desire to pursue discipleship and become more Christ-like in the process. Such an attitude will certainly help an individual in pursuing holiness and discipleship. Through the help of pastors, church workers and other lay persons, the discipleship process could be fun and believers could be mentored to become spiritually mature and in turn, they will lead others in the discipleship journey (McCallum Lowery, 2006). Reference Hull, B. (2006). The Complete Book of Discipleship: On Being and Making Followers of Christ. New Jersey: NavPress. McCallum, D. Lowery, J. (2006). Organic Disciplemaking: Mentoring Others Into Spiritual Maturity And Leadership. New Jersey: Touch Publications. Sanders, J. O. (2007). Spiritual Discipleship: Principles of Following Christ for Every Believer. New York: Moody Publishers. How to cite Discipleship, Papers

Red Tails Intro to Film Eng free essay sample

This movie is an adventure film that brings to light the true meaning of brotherhood , because these men function as a unit, and proof that Black Men can serve in a combat unit. This film also brings to light the struggles that these men went through to prove their worth. The idea behind this movie is to show society the bravery and determination of a group of Black Men to prove that they can fight for their country as well as any White man. The point is proven in this movie. The story is told in an all knowing point of view. It is not centered on the thoughts and feels of any one person but on all of the characters in the movie. The plot is told in chronological order starting with their first mission , although not in a combat capacity, which is not only successful but goes beyond in destroying a train which was disguised as civilian but was actually a military train loaded with guns and soldiers. The story takes place in Italy during World War II. The unit is made up of most college students who left school to serve in the Army. Their goal was to be pilots. After numerous test they qualified to be in the pilot program. This was a new unit made up of all African Americans. It was an experiment that the Army was sure would fail. Hollywood believed that the movie itself would fail. It took more than 20 years for George Lucas to get this movie made. â€Å" More than 2 decades in the making George Lucas† passion project â€Å"Red Tails† hit theaters today after a long search to find a distributor that wanted to market an expensive film with an all-black cast. Lucas spent $58 million of his own money to produce â€Å"Red Tails , an action movie about the Tuskegee Airmen the first All- African American aerial combat unit that paved the way for the intergration of the U. S. Armed Services. It was a risky venture by Hollywood standards and one that Director Anthony Hemingway said carried enormous responsibility. ( Payne Amber and Caron Christina NBC News January 20 2012. ) ACTING AND ACTORS The main characters in this movie are played by mostly actors that are well known. Terrence Howard plays Colonel A. J. Bullard who reports back to Washington D. C. on the progress of the unit. It is a constant struggle for him. He is always fighting for the survival of his unit. Terrence Howard is well known to me. He has been in comedies as well as drama. Most of his latter career has been drama. The movie The Best Man was a mixture of both and his character handled the transition well. Cuba Gooden Jr. plays Major Emanuelle Stance. He is in charge of the actual unit and gives the men their orders. Gooden like Howard does both comedy and drama. Like Howard most of his latest movies have been drama. He won an Academy Award for his part in the movie Jerry Mcguire which was comedy , but if you want to see him at his best watch the movie â€Å"The Hit List† this is a drama and he plays the part of a hit man to a tee. The movie â€Å" Red Tails is not a comedy but both of these actors excel in their parts. The other actors in the film are not as well known as these two but most of them are well know in the African American community. An example of this would be Ne-Yo. He plays Smokey in this movie. Ne-Yo is better known as a singer of Ramp;B but he also starred in the Movie â€Å"Stomp The Yard†. I have not seen him in a comedy so his focus , other than his singing career , is drama. CINEMATAGRAPHY The cinematagrapy in this movie is not about a lot of bright lights. Most of the movie uses mute tones . The wardrobe has very little color except for the brown uniforms. The costumes are not flashy or of bright colors even when the soldiers are out and dresses in civilian clothes. Even the women in the movie wear clothes that are dull and boring. The exception to this are the fight scenes. The Tuskegee Airmen’s planes have the tails painted red thus the name for the movie. The special effects are in brilliant colors when there are explosion and plane crashes. The smoke and fire from the plans that have been hit are bright and glowing. The close up of the men that have been hit and while they are in the cockpits are brightly lit in contrast to the other scenes in the movie. The special effects of the fighting makes you feel that you are there in the cockpits with the pilots. In the scene where they follow a German pilot back to his base you can almost smell the smoke and feel the jarring destruction of the air base. You feel as if you are right there. SOUND EFFECTS AND DIALOGUE The most important sounds are those of the sounds of the engines of the planes. The sound of the engines let you know that these are not planes from today they are too loud and tinny sounding to be modern planes. Also the sound of the gun fire is indicative of the era that the movie is set in. The sounds of the bombs dropping has a whistling quality that never seems to change in movies The music does not play a very important part in this movie. There is nothing outstanding about the sound track. Not one song that is played would make me go out and buy it. The music in the Officers Club must be set to the era of the time because none of it was familiar to me . The most significant of all was the dialogue. The exchanges between the men was sometimes light and jokey and sometimes serious. The exchanges let you know how they were feeling and what their hopes and dreams were. The dialogue is the heart of the movie. The exchanges between Colonel Bullard and the Brass in Washington let you know what an uphill battle that these men faced every day just to get the respect that they deserved. It showed that these men thought that Black Men were really inferior to the White man. Even though time after time they completed their missions successfully. A different point of view was expressed by the men in the field that they protected. They were actually requested because of their impressive record of not losing a plane that they were protecting. In the beginning they were not welcome in the Officers Club even to the point of causing a fight if they entered. After they were assigned to protect the fighter they were actually invited into the Officers Club because the men that were out there doing the fighting respected them. STYLE AND DIRECTING Style is â€Å"when we can recognize similar use of technique from one film to another we are recognizing a style. (Film From Watching To Seeing Goodykoontz B. and Jacobs , C. P. 2011) This would be hard to do because this is Anthony Hemingway’s first movie. I must say with the job that he did here I will be looking for more of his movies. He stated in an interview â€Å"I really prayed and asked God for my first film†. (Wentraub , Steve ‘Frosty ,January 20 ,2012) GENRE AND IMPACT OF FILM Red Tails is an action/adventure film. The difference is that this film has an All- African American crew. There are minor characters in the film that are White but even with a minor role they bring home the point of how racism was alive and well at this time in American history. The impact of society in this film is to bring about the point of how racism is a baseless belief. These men proved time and time again that they were as good if not better than The White pilots. They were the most sought after unit of protection pilots of their era. Once they proved themselves they were accepted and treated as equals by all of the pilots that were out in the field doing the actual fighting. It seems that there is a segment of our society that had never heard of The Tuskegee before this movie. â€Å"Red Tails† certainly isn’t the first film about the Famed Tuskegee Airmen, but according to Roscoe Brown, a former squadron commander in the 332nd fighter group, it’s the first move beyond the well –told story of racism that led to the groups formation and focused instead on the combat mission. (Payne , Amber and Caron , Christina , NBC News , January 20. 2012) EDITING â€Å" Effective editing is sometimes called â€Å"invisible editing†. This is because viewers often do not even realize when a shot changes from say a two shot to a close –up of one actor or even from one location to another. (Goodykoontz , B , and Jacob , C. P. ) This style of editing seemed to be used a lot in this movie the scenes seemed to transition from one scene to another very smoothly. I also noticed directors cut where one scene instantly replaced another. (Goodykoontz B. and Jacob C. P. Film: From Watching To Seeing 2011) The movie is shot in chronological order. There is a clear beginning , middle , and end. The story starts with the men on their first mission. It is a non-combat mission. They are successful. The middle is about how they gain respect after being successful in all of their missions. The end shows them being honored for the work that they have done. Some of the most memorable are the scenes where there are close –ups on the pilots and then the shift to the planes in flight formation. APPROACH As we have learned approaches can over lap. I found this film to contain two approaches. A formalist approach â€Å"Ignore most of all of its cinematic techniques to focus on character, plot development story structure, motif fore shadowing , motivation , and the like. Goodykoontz, B. Jacob , C. P. 2011). This is not the total case but it can be detected. The major focus of this movie is on the characters and plot. Most of the cinematic technique is secondary to the dialogue. The characters are the most important element in this story. â€Å" A culturalist approach ,or seeing the film symptomatic of the culture in which it was c reated. † Goodykoontz B. and Jacob , C. P. 2011) The theme of racism is one of the main focal points in this movie. The constant fight to achieve equality is paramount to this story. CONCLUSION This movie honors the men of The Tuskegee Airman. It brought the accomplishments of these brave men to the forefront of American History. The movie showed how these men proved the racist U. S. Army that they were wrong. Anthony Hemingway did a wonderful job for his first film. George Lucas worked very hard to bring this movie to the big screen. Even to the point of investing a sizeable amount of his own movie to bring the film to life. There were critics that criticized and did not like this movie. Michael Phillips of the Tribune news was one of them. â€Å"George Lucas’ production takes a comic book approach to the exploits of World War II’s Tuskegee Airmen. Red Tails† squanders a great subject, reducing the real life struggles and fierce heroics of the Tuskegee Airmen to rickety cliche. Some of the action’s fun but if something about that statement doesn’t sound right, well , there’s your chief problem with â€Å"Red Tails†. It sets out to ingratiate without provocation or complexit y. (Phillips , Michael Tribune Newspaper , January 20 2012). I disagree with Mr. Phillips. I have had the opportunity to actually hear The Tuskegee Airmen speak. I grew up in Detroit , Michigan. Our Mayor Coleman Young was a member of The Tuskegee Airmen. He had a group of the surviving Airmen speak in our city and I was lucky enough to be there. Laughter was one of the ways that they dealt with the stress. Mr. Phillips should check his facts. â€Å"Red Tails† The World War II drama about The Tuskegee Airmen was named best picture at the 44th NAACP Image Awards on Friday evening at The Shrine Auditorium. (King Susan February 1, 2013, Movies Now Films : Past , Present and Future. ) I have to agree with the people who found this to be an award worthy movie. It kept me interested from the beginning to the end. I have watched this movie many times.

Smoking pathophysiological effects

Pathophysiological Effects There are several pathophysiological effects that are associated with smoking and a majority of smokers are at risk of suffering from one of these effects or the other. Mobascher and Wintere (2008) point out that the pathophysiological effects of smoking are usually brought about by the many harmful chemicals that are contained in tobacco.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smoking: pathophysiological effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Mobascher and Wintere (2008) these chemicals have been shown to have adverse effects in the smoker’s body and even those people who are exposed to second hand smoke. The chemicals normally adversely affect most of the body’s principal organs including the heart, lungs, kidneys and brain. Starting with the heart, smoking has been shown to result to damage of the arterial walls. This consequently compromises the arteri es capacity to transfer blood to the heart effectively. This implies that the arteries capacity to supply oxygen to the heart might be compromised with resulting to heart related medical complications such as heart attacks or strokes. In addition to the heart, smoking also might result to adverse effects on the lungs and indeed the entire respiratory system. Mobascher and Wintere (2008) assert that smoking can result in reduction of the lung capacity consequently leading to breathing difficulties. Some of the specific ways through which smoking can result in reduced lung capacity include; reducing the size of airways and increasing the rate of accumulation of mucus material in the lungs. These effects have the impact of increasing the lungs vulnerability to infectious diseases including lung cancer (Mobascher Wintere, 2008). Dependence on Nicotine In addition to the effects of smoking on the various body organs including the heart and lungs, smoking has also been shown to have adve rse effects on the brain resulting to a compromise of the entire nervous system. According to Porth (2010), nicotine, one of the chemicals contained in tobacco, is responsible for the brief â€Å"feel good† feeling that is usually brought about by smoking. This feeling, as pointed out by Porth (2010), is usually directly as a result of stimulation of a specific part of the brain known as the mesolimbic system. It is this stimulation that results to the fell- good effect of nicotine.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Porth (2010) notes that the stimulation and the resultant effect brought about by nicotine is short lived, and this aspect is what is behind the addictive effects of tobacco. This is because, in order to experience this effect the smoker needs to ‘light up’ many times. In doing so, their chances of suffering from one or more of th e aforementioned health effects of smoking, is increased. Moreover, Porth (2010) asserts that as one continues to engage in smoking, their tolerance levels to nicotine and other chemicals contained in tobacco keeps on increasing. Overtime, a person who used to smoke two cigarettes to experience the stimulating effects of nicotine might be required to smoke about five cigarettes, for the same dose of stimulation. Despite the obvious health risks associated with smoking, there are proponents of this risky habit and this group of people has advanced various reasons for their stand. Porth (2010) points out that one of the arguments that is being touted as a benefit of smoking by the proponents of this risky habit touches on the suppressing effects of cigarettes. According to Porth (2010), smoking has been shown to be effective in suppressing the effects of various mental disorders. Thus, many people argue that it can be effective in treating mental illnesses. In addition to that, the su ppression effects of smoking has also been applied in the treatment of various addictions such as alcohol and cocaine addictions whereby the addicts are allowed to use cigarettes to suppress some of the ‘cravings’ that they might have during the rehabilitation exercise. However, this suppression effect, just like any other smoking effect, is temporary. Consequently, many addicts who depend on smoking to help them fight their addictions usually end up relapsing. References Mobascher, A. A., Winterer, G. G. (2008). The molecular and cellular neurobiology of nicotine abuse in schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry, 41(1), 1325-1330.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smoking: pathophysiological effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Porth, C.M. (2010). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. This research paper on Smoking: pathophysiological effects was written and submitted by user Xavi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding Owner vs. Parent in Delphi Applications

Understanding Owner vs. Parent in Delphi Applications Every time you place a panel on a form and a button on that panel you make an invisible connection. The Form becomes the owner of the Button, and the Panel is set to be its parent. Every Delphi component has an Owner property. The Owner takes care of freeing the owned components when it is being freed. Similar, but different, the Parent property indicates the component that contains the child component. Parent Parent refers to the component that another component is contained in, such as TForm, TGroupBox or a TPanel. If one control (parent) contains others, the contained controls are child controls of the parent. Parent determines how the component is displayed. For example, the Left and Top properties are all relative to the Parent. The Parent property can be assigned and changed during run-time. Not all components have the Parent. Many forms do not have a Parent. For example, forms that appear directly on the Windows desktop have Parent set to nil. A components HasParent method returns a boolean value indicating whether or not the component has been assigned a parent. We use the Parent property to get or set the parent of a control. For example, place two panels (Panel1, Panel2) on a form and place one button (Button1) on the first panel (Panel1). This sets Buttons Parent property to Panel1. Button1.Parent : Panel2; If you place the above code in the OnClick event for the second Panel, when you click Panel2 the button jumps from Panel1 to Panel2: Panel1 is no longer the Parent for the Button. When you want to create a TButton at run-time, it is important that we remember to assign a parent - the control that contains the button. For a component to be visible, it must have a parent to display itself within. ParentThis and ParentThat If you select a button at design time and look at the Object Inspector youll notice several Parent-aware properties. The ParentFont, for example, indicates whether the Font used for the Buttons caption is the same as the one used for the Buttons parent (in the previous example: Panel1). If ParentFont is True for all Buttons on a Panel, changing the panel’s Font property to Bold causes all Buttons caption on the Panel to use that (bold) font. Controls Property All components that share the same Parent are available as part of the Controls property of that Parent. For example, Controls may be used to iterate over all the children of the windowed control. The next piece of code can be used to hide all the contained components on Panel1: for ii : 0 to Panel1.ControlCount - 1 do   Ã‚  Panel1.Controls[ii].Visible : false; Tricking Tricks Windowed controls have three basic characteristics: they can receive the input focus, they use system resources, and they can be parents to other controls. For example, the Button component is a windowed control and cannot be the parent to some other component - you cant place another component on it. The thing is that Delphi hides this feature from us. An example is the hidden possibility for a TStatusBar to have some components like TProgressBar on it. Ownership First, note that a Form is the overall Owner of any components that reside on it (positioned on the form at design-time). This means that when a form is destroyed, all the components on the form are also destroyed. For example, if we have an application with more that one form when we call the Free or Release method for a form object, we do not have to worry about explicitly freeing all of the objects on that form- because the form is the owner of all its components. Every component we create, at design or run time, must be owned by another component. The owner of a component- the value of its Owner property- is determined by a parameter passed to the Create constructor when the component is created. The only other way to re-assign the Owner is using the InsertComponent/RemoveComponent methods during run-time. By default, a form owns all components on it and is in turn owned by the Application. When we use the keyword Self as the parameter for the Create method- the object we are creating is owned by the class that the method is contained in- which is usually a Delphi form. If on the other hand, we make another component (not the form) the owner of the component, then we are making that component responsible for disposing of the object when it is destroyed. As like any other Delphi component, custom made TFindFile component can be created, used and destroyed at run time. To create, use and free a TFindFile component at run, you can use the next code snippet: uses FindFile;...var FFile : TFindFile;procedure TForm1.InitializeData;begin //form (Self) is the Owner of the component   //there is no Parent since this   //is an unvisible component.   FFile : TFindFile.Create(Self) ;   ... end; Note: Since the FFile is created with an owner (Form1), we dont need to do anything to free the component- it will be freed when the owner is destroyed. Components Property All components that share the same Owner are available as part of the Components property of that Owner. The following procedure is used to clear all the Edit components that are on the form: procedure ClearEdits(AForm: TForm) ;var   Ã‚  ii : Integer; begin   Ã‚  for ii : 0 to AForm.ComponentCount-1 do   Ã‚  if (AForm.Components[ii] is TEdit) then TEdit(AForm.Components[ii]).Text : ;end; Orphans Some controls (such as ActiveX controls) are contained in non-VCL windows rather than in a parent control. For these controls, the value of Parent is nil and the ParentWindow property specifies the non-VCL parent window. Setting ParentWindow moves the control so that it is contained in the specified window. ParentWindow is set automatically when a control is created using the CreateParented method. The truth is that in most cases you do not need to care about Parents and Owners, but when it comes to OOP and component development or when you want to take Delphi one step forward the statements in this article will help you to take that step faster.

Mary the Jewess, First Known Alchemist

Mary the Jewess, First Known Alchemist Mary the Jewess (around 0-200 CE) was the first known alchemist in history. She lived in Eygpt and invented processes and apparatuses that were used for centuries after that. Her story became something of a legend in later Arabic and Christian writings. Life and History Occupation: Alchemist, inventor Also known as: Maria Hebraea, Maria Prophetissima, Maria Prophetissa, Maria the Hebrew, Miriam the Prophetess; Mariya the Sage; Mary the Prophetess (16th and 17th centuries) Early source: 4th-century alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis, who called her the sister of Moses Mary the Jewess and her alchemical contributions are documented by Zosimos of Panopolis in his text Peri kaminon kai organon (On Furnaces and Apparatuses), which may be itself based on a text by Mary. He also quotes her extensively in The Coloring of Precious Stones. According to Zosimus and later renderings of Marias writings, alchemy was like sexual reproduction, with different metals being male and female. She described the oxidation of metals and saw in that process the possibility of transforming base metals into gold. The saying credited to Mary the Jewess, Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought, was used by Carl Jung. Later Writings About Mary the Jewess Variations on the story of Mary are told in sources after Zosimus. The church father Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, mentions two writings by Mary the Jewess, Great Questions and Small Questions, where he credits her with a vision of Jesus. Marys story is also retold in Arabic writings where she is supposedly both a contemporary of Jesus (having carried the infant Jesus) and Ostanes, a Persian brother-in-law of Xerxes, who lived about 500 BCE. Legacy The name of Mary the Jewess survives in two terms used in chemistry. The water-bath, a term used for both a process and a device, is also called in Romance languages the bain-marie or baà ±o maria. The term is still used in cooking today. The bain-marie uses heat from water in a surrounding vessel to keep a consistent temperature, something like a double boiler. Marys black is also named for Mary the Jewess.  Marys black is a black sulfide coating on metal which is produced using the process of kerotakis. Mary the Jewess also invented and described the alchemical apparatus and process called the kerotakis and another apparatus called the tribokos. Bibliography Raphael Patai. The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book. Mary the Jewess p. 60-80, and Zosimus on Maria the Jewess p. 81-93.Jack Lindsay. The Origins of Alchemy in Graeoc-Roman Egypt. 1970s.â€Å"Maria the Jewess: An Inventor of Alchemy.† ×”× ¡Ã— ¤Ã— ¨Ã—™×™×” ×”×Å"× Ã—•×ž×™× ª, web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/library/reading_corner/Pages/maria_the_jewess.aspx.

Library Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Library Science - Essay Example Personal records should represent individuals as social agents and produce a proper representation of a character. Most archives have always focused on the collective aspects of individuals while neglecting the personal reflection. Personal archives demand an appraisal approach that differs from organization archives. Archivists should implement several considerations when conceptualizing records. Recording of personal archives involves documenting singular views of people and revealing their individual expression as opposed to group opinions. Archivists implement intimacy when designing personal records. Reflection of the intimacy comes from the organization and content of the records. The appraisal theory of personal archives emphasizes on individual character of creators (Hobbs, 2001). Shifting to personal archives will enable the institutions to provide a good representation of organizations by expressing individual-based views. It is imperative to capture the personality of individuals in archives. Hobbs, 2001, attempts to change views of archival appraisal by encouraging the professionals to value personal opinions in archives rather than inclination on collective expressions. The article describes the criteria that archivists should use in identifying collections. The setting of the project is based in Yale University Library. The article describes a project whose aim is Hyry, Kaplan and Weideman, 2002, propose a rational approach for collection of faculty papers in the university. The article uses Minnesota method to find its effectiveness in the case study. It proposes the need to develop proper approaches of collecting faculty papers by institutions of higher learning. It explains a project that the Yale University Library undertook in Manuscripts and Archives (Hyry, Kaplan & Weideman, 2002). The project involved application of the methodology from Minnesota Historical Society. The article illustrates an

Fundamentals of Decision Support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fundamentals of Decision Support - Essay Example Decisions are required when managers handle a situation with two or more alternative courses of action. To select the right course of action, the manager must analyze all the relevant information available. Information with no monetary figure requires a qualitative decision. Quantitative decisions, like in this scenario, are accompanied by measurable information mostly in financial figures. A quantitative decision problem is made up of six components. Decision problems involving two or more variables are a common occurrence when managing a business. A high number of variables increase the level of complexity of the decision to be made. All variables have to be considered when making such decisions. There are methods used to analyze a decision problem. Common decision problem analysis methods include the simplex method and cost- volume- profit technique. Computer programs have also been developed to aid in the decision-making. The computer decision support software includes DecisionPro and Microsoft Excel (Brandimarte, 2012).  £12 per unit. Product 2 has a profit margin of  £16 per unit. The setup cost for manufacturing facilities required to produce the two products also vary. Product 1 production facility installation cost is  £45000 while for product 2 the setup cost for its production facility is  £76000. The company has two factories capable of producing the two products. The rate of production of the two factories varies. Factory 1 can produce 52 units of product 1 per hour and 38 units of product 2 per hour. Factory 2 can produce 42 units of product 1 per hour and 23 units of product 2 per hour. Factory 1 has 480 hours available for production of the two products. Factory 2 has 720 hours available for production of the two products. The aim of this solution is to optimize the profits the company will derive from producing the two products with the limited resources the company has. The constraints, in

The Monastery Essay Example for Free

The Monastery Essay I am a currently trained in Military Free-Fall, so it would be safe to say that I have knowledge by observation and participation. I have enjoyed watching skydiving competitions on television and in the military. As a kid I can remember wanting to do that when I grew up. When I joined the Special Forces in 1989 I knew my chances were greatly increasing for me to participate in skydiving operations, but it wasnt until 1995 when that final moment would arrive. I enjoy the excitement of participation in a skydiving operation that consists in small numbers of personnel to a mass group. There are several stages a beginner will go though until their first jump without an instructor. First let me tell you about the training that I went though in my quest to fulfill my childhood dreams. Since I had been trained in basic airborne operations (static line jumps) this made an easier to transition into skydiving operations for the instructors. The initial training begins with what we call tabletop drills. An instructor places everyone on a tabletop and talks you though the basic movements techniques that you will perform in the air. This is where you learn basic turns, flips, formations, rolls and other various drills. The next step you learn is how to pack and inspect your parachute in less than five minutes. The vertical wind tunnel is the second phase of training you go though in order to practice you tabletop drills before you actually perform a real jump. Once you have demonstrated your skill to an instructor that you can perform the entire basic task only then will you be allowed to move onto the last phase of training. The last phase of training is jumping out of an aircraft up to 12,500 feet above sea level. Your first jump an instructor hangs on to you while you exit the aircraft to ensure you stabilize yourself in the air. One you have done this he lets go and instructs you to perform the basic task you learned earlier, while grading you on your performance. Wow what a rush of adrenalin you get on your first jump at that height. Now its up to you to complete the rest of the training that you learned earlier during the course. Time management is a very hard concept for me to get a grasp on. This is one subject that everyone has knowledge of by both participation and observation. I have attended lecture from top-level executives on this subject down to basic level training by correspondence with limited success. My daily experiences with time management are quite different from that of a person who has a routine job. With my job changes are made at the last minute. For example, I could be in the process of gathering research for a project to deploying the next day (unannounced) to a remote country to train foreign troops in unconventional warfare all due to shortage of personnel on operational teams. Our job (Special Forced Intelligence Sergeants) has been referred to as the jack-of-all-trades, master of nothing. This stems from out extensive knowledge of all military type operations and training, but not given the time to focus on one specific skill. At times this can be very frustrating job with the constant change that effect a daily scheduled, but rewarding in other aspects due to the various activities that you may encounter along the way. The President of the United States is a subject that I have only knowledge by observation. I have learned a great deal just by watching the man and the office. I learned a small portion about politics in school because it was not a particular interest to me at the time. Now it has a great impact on my job and my future it has become more interesting to me. I listen to each candidate when they run for office to determine which one is the best suited for the job. I have learned a lot about the candidates just by watching them interact with the media during their debates. In the past the Presidency has been a very respectable and well sought out title to hold as a politician. In todays society the Presidency has lost some prestige due to men that held that position and allowed their selves to fall to corruptions and scandals.

The One Child Policy and Gender Inequality Essay -- chinese culture,e

Given the high sex ratio in recent China population report, the abnormally excessive male birth exemplifies the persistence of son preference on women’s fertility behavior. Son preference rooted in Chinese agriculture-based economy and historical feudalism, in consistence with the reliance on laborers and continuing the family line. Older people prefer to depend on their sons to get financial and physical support, while daughters are regarded as property of their husband’s family since the day of marriage. However, the wish of having multiple children, especially boys, was challenged by the strict One Child policy in 1979. The One Child policy, also known as Family Planning policy, was implemented across the country as one of fundamental national policies under the administration of Population and Family Planning Commission. Based on the purpose of lowering fertility rates to ease social pressure and improve living standard, a married couple is only allowed to have one child with some exceptions made for some ethnic minorities and rural families. The majority of citizens are classified by ethnics and occupations to fit the specific regulations of compensations and punishments to prevent them from having a second child (Li, J., & Cooney, R, S. 1993). This proposal eventually triggered a profound introspection which chronically melted patriarchal cultures. The broad topic of how government’s decisions altered social norms is discussed within five sociological studies in my essay in allusion to the impacts of One Child policy on gender inequality. Key questions Gender inequality involves ideological preference and physical loss of equal opportunities to gain. The five articles examined the indirect effort of One Child policy on... ...onal Journal of Educational Development, 5, 474-486. Li, J., & Cooney, R, S. (1993). Son preference and one child policy in china: 1979-1988. Population Research and Policy Review, 12(3), 277-296. Liu, F. (2006) Boys as only-children and girls as only-children—parental gendered expectations of the only-child in the nuclear Chinese family in present-day China, Gender and Education, 18(5), 491-505 Merli, M. G., & Smith, H. L. (2002). Has the Chinese Family Planning Policy been successful in changing fertility preferences?. Demography, 39(3), 557-572. Ming,T., & Lynne,R. (2002). The only child and educational opportunity for girls in urban China. Gender & Society, 16(1), 74-92. Zhai, F.,&Gao, Q. (2010). Center-based care in the context of one child policy in China: Do child gender and siblings matter?.Population Research and Policy Review, 29(5), 745-774.

Class Classifications

The following essay is based on the movie Elysium which conveys a futuristic view of humanity's evolution whereby Earth's wealthiest fled the planet to preserve their way of life leaving the financially unstable and the sickly behind. Social inequality In the film Elysium Is constructed by depicting a dyspepsia society (Elysium 2013) This can be evidenced through the Imagery, architecture, agricultural landscape, language, Ideas, values and norms portrayed In the movie (Giddiness, A 2009). Social Inequality In the film Elysium is constructed by depicting a dyspepsia society.Elysium explores sociological themes such as class issues, poverty, immigration, over population, healthcare and exploitation, social inequality, mobility. Social inequality is depicted on earth whereby its citizens were classified as a minority group and were limited to their social status and class stratification (Elysium 2013). First we consider material inequality which was evident in the movie due to disparit ies of income, property and wealth. Secondly, inequality associated with employment and the labor market and thirdly, inequality arising from the lack of healthcare resources and education yester.Social mobility Is the movement of an Individual or a group in a social position to upper or lower classes In the means of health status, literacy and better standard of living through migration to Elysium as asylum seekers to escape their socio- economic level as refugees (Dodd, J. J 2010). Attributes such as age, gender, race or ethnicity further distinguish people in terms of class and status in context of femininity and hegemonic masculinity, depicting the dominant social position of men and women in Elysium and on earth on how gender in terms of employment are resent on earth as well.Most importantly how all these pieces of popular culture is reflective to the current Australian society in their similarities and disparities. Social mobility is essential to the plot of the movie as most of the citizens on earth aspire to a higher social class for a better standard of living (Dodd,J. J 2010). Social inequality is constructed in the film In the film by depicting a dyspepsia society. This Is evidenced through the Imagery of earth, the architecture of buildings In ruins, landscape, language, Ideas and norms.The infrastructure on earth Is dilapidated, not maintained and cared for, the environment Is a barren wasteland with high levels of pollution from industrial outlets. Earth was mainly used for the manufacturing of droid's where the lead character was employed for assembling them. Droid's were utilized to police and keep order on the vastly populated earth. Lack of educational facilities on Earth affected children who became â€Å"dreamers† for a better world with an inevitable future of despair (Elysium 2013). The work force on these druid factories wowed the disparities of status in the employment hierarchy.John Carlyle the CEO of Marlene, had a separate of fice whereas the employees and supervisors were on the floor. The CEO only Intervened when there was adherence in production. The character portrayed emotional detachment to the employees treating them as If they were mere objects. (Western, M & Baxter, J 2007). In Elysium, the environment had a very sterile and futuristic look, well planned and Idyllic to the citizens. Everything on earth Is In despair and decline, the rich on the other hand have every resource available to them in their paradise in space.The landscape is beautifully maintained, two worlds is evident and the introduction of the movie constructs this accurately for the viewer's portraying the severe inequality in the social class stratification. On Elysium the privileged strive to preserve their prestige lifestyle whilst on Earth the citizens are left to fend for themselves to struggle amongst overpopulation, poverty, low healthcare standards. (Garage, B 2002). Australia is an egalitarian society, however social ine quality exists to quite a large extend.There are numerous inequalities present in the Australian society which has a propensity to divide the community into different groupings (Heinlein, J, Passim, A & Passim-linseed, A 2014). According to (Garage, B 2002) Mar's approach has been extremely useful in understanding inequality in Australia today. However, the revised approach from Erik Olin Wright argues that importance of education in the twentieth century led to groups arising whose economic roles were determined by educational qualification and expertise rather than work done with hands (Garage, B 2002). Inequality inAustralia is largely dependent on differentiation of social classes. The working class represents the largest class in the workforce and the capitalist class the smallest portion of the workforce. (Heinlein, J, Passim, A & Passim-linseed, A 2014). In (Dodd, J. J. 2010) the possibility of upward social mobility is strengthened through belief in one's own life and these ideas are re-in forced through movies and the American culture. Social mobility can be understood as the â€Å"movement of individuals and groups between different class positions as a result of changes in occupation, lath or income†. Giddiness, Dunedin, & Applesauce, 2007). Material inequality of the labor force and poor work management led to the main character Matt Damon being lethally exposed to radiation. He was given a bottle of pills but no proper medical care. Matt Damson's character was exploited by the capitalist class for capital gain and once he was no longer able to contribute to the workforce he became a liability and let go. As a result of, the main character had no choice but to go through intergenerational mobility, a change in class position.Social interaction is drastically sacking on earth, there is no face to face interaction. The robots act as authority figures and do not react in relation with the citizens. They follow standards of conduct and behave ac cordingly, showing no emotions which are key elements of social interaction (Furze, B, Saw, P, Bryn, R & Lie, J 2008). The belief of a possible upward social mobility is are reinforced in the movie and in the modern Australian society. Upward social mobility is central to the plot and the outcome of the story in Elysium.According to Marx, class is defined as where a person stands in regards to reduction (Capital Industry) whereby the democratic society of Elysium act as the â€Å"bourgeoisie† who own the means of production and dictate to the residents on earth who are the â€Å"proletariat's† and perform labor intensive and manual tasks. Both the bourgeoisie and proletariat's had opposing interests leading to hostility and conflict. In Elysium the opposing interests between the capitalist and working class led to hostility and conflict.The working class became impoverished and disadvantaged which led to a revolution for upward social mobility to improve their circumst ances Garage, B 2002). Another very key issue that was portrayed in the movie was the concept of ethnicity, looking at Australia which has a complicated history where Just under a quarter of its population are first generation migrants. It is a multi-cultural cultures of people residing together which made them feel a sense of belonging towards one another based on cultural similarities like language spoken, religion, food and lifestyle patterns.On Elysium the residents were indifferent, all vastly wealthy and are almost white compared to earth. They built hierarchies and lassie people into categories mostly on the basis of class and status. Since they were wealthy they believed they were far more superior and smarter to the lower class thus forcing them to seek refuge on earth to perish or survive the atrocious conditions on earth. Popup,J 2002) States that Australia is an immigrant society. Continual immigration has attributed to the affluent society that we have present today.Ass imilation due to the increasing number of immigrants in the Australian Society meant disappearance of many characteristics which differentiated individuals room each other. Popup, J 2002). Since Earth being a manufacturing and industrialized society, the idea of masculinity was interpreted and men were usually bread winners as hard labor was required. Femininity was constructed as the women on Earth were utilized in domestic duties and offered health care services to the sick and injured (School, S, Buskin,J & Long, J 2002.On Elysium feminism in regards to gender plays a pivotal role where Jodie Foster who plays the role of Secretary of Defense shows no tolerance to refugee/ asylum seekers and orders execution even before they reach Elysium (School, S, Buskin,J & Long, J 2002). However, the CEO and the president are male in gender which portrays patriarchy depicting a male dominance hierarchy in governance (Bolton, T, Bonnet, K, Jones, P, Lawson, T, Skinner, D & Stonewort, M 2002).T he citizens on earth who strives to migrate into Elysium were a minority group which was further distinguished into small groups, in context with ‘mechanical solidarity Druthers stated that † what holds these small groups together is a ‘shared collective† where there is not much differences in the beliefs of the society once they expanded (Day, G 2006). It was the sameness of status that the citizens had which made them work together as a unit through understanding each other's values and norms (Day, G 2006). Staying on earth was not out of free will.It was taken away from the lower class thus they were treated like slaves. Women were perceived as a minority group in context with class stratification whereby they did not have equal privileges in the society. It is understandable that social inequality does exist in the current Australian society however, the lower classes have the opportunity to halogen the set social order and improve their class status thro ugh upward social mobility. Education plays a significant factor as the well learnt can strive for high income earning positions that will contribute to their personal and capital wealth.In Australia, education is available to people of all classes and there is no barrier to it. Thus, the opportunities and privileges previously available to the higher social class can now be attained by an individual from a lower class allowing them to be socially mobile and to better their lifestyle. Class and ethnicity play a significant role in the rent Australian society as it distinguishes individuals. Individuals in the same social class may not experience the same status as modern societies are more complex and can be stratified in several ways.

Academic Strategies for the Business Professional Essay

Academic Strategies for the Business Professional course was great for helping me develop into a very decent student. It was a great class with lots of information for school learning and use in the career field. It has assisted me to learn to use better time management skills. The more I use these skills the less stressed I will be. As I use the different styles of time management, it helps me determine which tool works the best for each activity I am doing. This also has helped me in my personal life. As I juggle school, kids, work, laundry, cleaning and a multitude of things that just pop up time management has become most important. It has allowed me the ability to work fulltime, go to school and still spend time with my family. My family is my number one priority! This class has been a blessing in disguise because it has helped me in many ways to still have that desired time. This course was able to show me a better me. I did not know how I learned the best until we had to take some quizzes in Unit 2 reading. According to EducationPlanner.org, I am an auditory/visual learner. I use all three types of learning. The one I scored the least in was tactical, which for me is true. I do use that the least. When I learn I like a visual example first, then auditory if, I do not understand it. Being able to see something physically done at least once is the most helpful to me. Depending on the situation, I find it helpful to be talked through it while doing it. Mostly though I find that just being shown how to do something while I do, it is the best learning style for me. This will make me a better candidate in the business world because I know my strengths and weakness and will be able to apply myself in a productive manner. This course is a wonderful learning experience and I hope all my classes are like this. As I go forward in my educational goal, I will use all the neat tricks and skills we have been exposed to. My education is my short-term goal and I will mostly use SRI that we learned about in Unit 6 reading to help me with studying. (pg.4) I will also use the note taking skills also addressed in Unit 6. I am use to the outline system but I really like the Cornell System that I never knew existed until this class. (pgs. 6 and 8) I will have to start using the writing skills to my advantage in the future to ensure a great grade and hopefully a very enjoyable job in the future. As I work towards my long time goal, the S.M.A.R.T. goal setting system is going to be my new comrade. It is easy to write up and break down the goal into smaller pieces. (pg. 6) Without this skill I would be going, â€Å"I do not know what I want to do in the future.† This skill helped me figure out my short-term and is helping work on the long-term. It is not fully there yet but it is always a work in progress. Once you finish one goal, you tend to start another. References EducationPlanner.org http://www.educationplanner.org/students/self-assessments/learning-styles.shtml Unit 6 Reading page 4, 6, & 8 Unit 7 Reading page 6

When to use an

When to use an When to use an When to use an By Maeve Maddox David asks When to use a or an? a horse, an apple. A SUV or an SUV? The rule is to use the article a before words beginning with a consonant sound and an before one beginning with a vowel sound: a dog an eel an hour Disagreement exists with certain h words. For example, not everyone pronounces the h in herb, homage, and humble, but more and more native speakers do. Depending upon vocal stress, one might hear either â€Å"a historic occasion† or â€Å"an historic occasion.† Most American speakers would probably say â€Å"a historic.† Either is correct in writing. About the only common English h words that definitely require an are heir/heiress/heirloom, honest, honor/honorable, and hour: an heir to the throne an honest man an honorable woman an hour before Which indefinite article to use before an abbreviation, a numeral, or a symbol, depends upon pronunciation. Some examples from the Chicago Manual of Stylee: an NBC anchor a CBS anchor a URL an @ sign CMOS also points out two possible readings of MS: an MS treatment Here the letters stand for â€Å"multiple sclerosis† and are read as â€Å"Em S.† a MS in the National library Here the letters stand for â€Å"manuscript† and are customarily read as â€Å"manuscript.† Youd write an SUV because SUV is pronounced one letter at a time and the sound of S is ess. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals50 Nautical Terms in General UseWood vs. Wooden

Biography of Babur, Founder of the Mughal Empire

Biography of Babur, Founder of the Mughal Empire Babur (born Zahir-ud-din Muhammad; February 14, 1483–December 26, 1530) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. His descendants, the Mughal emperors, built a long-lasting empire that covered much of the subcontinent until 1868, and that continues to shape the culture of India to this day. Babur himself was of noble blood; on his fathers side, he was a Timurid, a Persianized Turk descended from Timur the Lame, and on his mothers side he was a descendant of Genghis Khan. Fast Facts: Babur Known For: Babur conquered the Indian subcontinent and founded the Mughal Empire.Also Known As: Zahir-ud-din MuhammadBorn: February 14, 1483 in Andijan, Timurid EmpireParents: Umar Sheikh Mirza and Qutlaq Nigar KhanumDied: December 26, 1530 in Agra, Mughal EmpireSpouse(s): Aisha Sultan Begum, Zaynab Sultan Begum, Masuma Sultan Begum, Maham Begum, Dildar Begum, Gulnar Aghacha, Gulrukh Begum, Mubarika YousefzaiChildren: 17 Early Life Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, nicknamed Babur or Lion, was born into the Timurid royal family in Andijan, now in Uzbekistan, on February 14, 1483. His father Umar Sheikh Mirza was the Emir of Ferghana; his mother Qutlaq Nigar Khanum was the daughter of Moghuli King Yunus Khan. By the time of Baburs birth, the remaining Mongol descendants in western Central Asia had intermarried with Turkic and Persian peoples and assimilated into the local culture. They were strongly influenced by Persia (using Farsi as their official court language), and they had converted to Islam. Most favored the mystic Sufism-infused style of Sunni Islam. Taking the Throne In 1494, the Emir of Ferghana died suddenly and 11-year-old Babur ascended his fathers throne. His seat was anything but secure, however, with numerous uncles and cousins plotting to replace him. Evidently aware that a good offense is the best defense, the young emir set out to expand his holdings. By 1497, he had conquered the famous Silk Road oasis city of Samarkand. While he was thus engaged, however, his uncles and other nobles rose in rebellion back in Andijan. When Babur turned to defend his base, he once again lost control of Samarkand. The determined young emir had regained both cities by 1501, but the Uzbek ruler Shaibani Khan challenged him over Samarkand and dealt Baburs forces a crushing defeat. This marked the end of Baburs rule in what is now Uzbekistan. Exile in Afghanistan For three years, the homeless prince wandered Central Asia, trying to attract followers to help him retake his fathers throne. Finally, in 1504, he and his small army turned to the southeast, marching over the snow-bound Hindu Kush mountains into Afghanistan. Babur, now 21 years old, besieged and conquered Kabul, establishing a base for his new kingdom. Ever optimistic, Babur would ally himself with the rulers of Herat and Persia and try to take back Fergana in 1510 to 1511. Once more, however, the Uzbeks utterly defeated the Mughul army, driving them back to Afghanistan. Thwarted, Babur began to look south once more. Invitation to Replace Lodi In 1521, a perfect opportunity for southern expansion presented itself to Babur. The sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, Ibrahim Lodi, was hated and reviled by his citizens. He had shaken up the military and court ranks by installing his own followers in place of the old guard and ruled the lower classes with an arbitrary and tyrannical style. After just four years of Lodis rule, the Afghan nobility was so fed up with him that they invited the Timurid Babur to come to the Delhi Sultanate and depose him. Naturally, Babur was quite happy to comply. He gathered an army  and launched a siege on Kandahar. The Kandahar Citadel held out for much longer than Babur had anticipated. As the siege dragged on, however, important nobles and military men from the Delhi Sultanate such as Ibrahim Lodis uncle, Alam Khan, and the governor of Punjab allied themselves with Babur. First Battle of Panipat Five years after his initial invitation to the subcontinent, Babur finally launched an all-out assault on the Delhi Sultanate and Ibrahim Lodi in April 1526. On the plains of Punjab, Baburs army of 24,000- mostly cavalry- rode out against Sultan Ibrahim, who had 100,000 men and 1,000 war elephants. Although Babur appeared to be terribly outmatched, he had something that Lodi did not- guns. The battle that followed, now known as the First Battle of Panipat, marked the fall of the Delhi Sultanate. With superior tactics and firepower, Babur crushed Lodis army, killing the sultan and 20,000 of his men. Lodis fall signaled the beginning of the Mughal Empire (also known as the Timurid Empire) in India. Rajput Wars Babur had overcome his fellow Muslims in the Delhi Sultanate (and of course, most were happy to acknowledge his rule), but the mainly-Hindu Rajput princes were not so easily conquered. Unlike his ancestor Timur, Babur was dedicated to the idea of building a permanent empire in India- he was no mere raider. He decided to build his capital at Agra. The Rajputs, however, put up a spirited defense against this new Muslim and would-be overlord from the north. Knowing that the Mughal army had been weakened at the Battle of Panipat, the princes of Rajputana gathered an army even larger than Lodis and went to war behind Rana Sangam of Mewar. In March 1527 at the Battle of Khanwa, Baburs army managed to deal the Rajputs a huge defeat. The Rajputs were undaunted, however, and battles and skirmishes continued all over the northern and eastern sections of Baburs empire for the next several years. Death In the autumn of 1530, Babur fell ill. His brother-in-law conspired with some of the Mughal court nobles to seize the throne after Baburs death, bypassing Humayun, Baburs eldest son and appointed heir. Humayun hurried to Agra to defend his claim to the throne  but soon fell gravely ill himself. According to legend, Babur cried out to God to spare Humayuns life, offering his own in return. On December 26, 1530, Babur died at the age of 47. Humayun, 22 years old, inherited a rickety empire, beset by internal and external enemies. Like his father, Humayun would lose power and be forced into exile, only to return and stake his claim to India. By the end of his life, he had consolidated and expanded the empire, which would reach its height under his son Akbar the Great. Legacy Babur lived a difficult life, always battling to make a place for himself. In the end, however, he planted the seed for one of the worlds great empires. Babur was a devotee of poetry and gardens, and his descendants would raise all kinds of arts to their apogee during their long reign. The Mughal Empire lasted until 1868, at which point it finally fell to the colonial British Raj. Sources Moon, Farzana.  Babur: the First Moghul in India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1997.Richards, John F.  The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Persuasive Communication class - online discussion Personal Statement

Persuasive Communication class - online discussion - Personal Statement Example Instead of listening to the messages evoked by these music, they prejudge it and consider it as one which encourages bad behavior. In M.K. Asante’s book â€Å"It’s Bigger Than Hip Hop: The Rise of the Post-Hip-Hop Generation†, he talks about the censorship being imposed by the record companies on black artists of hip hop and rap music (Asante, 2008). The reason for this censorship is that the companies claim that the messages of hip hop music delve on the social, economic and political problems of the Black people. This is why hip hop music is often misconstrued to be encouraging negative behavior. In judging rap and hip hop music, it is essential that the listeners look deeper into the lyrics of the songs. The audience should have an open mind and consider the messages of the songs as the voice of the youth and the Black people. It is not fair to judge them according to who the singers or performers are; rather, the listeners should view the lyrics as an expression of a deeper problem conveyed through music. Among the ethical perspectives that were presented in Box 16.1, one considers egalitarianism or the â€Å"Golden Rule† as the most ethically defensible. The â€Å"Golden Rule† is a perspective which is universal among most of the religions in the world; therefore, it is clearly viewed as ethical. In Christianity, the Bible states, â€Å"All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye so to them; for this is the law and the prophets† (TeachingValues.com LLC, n.d., p1). In Buddhism, the Udana-Varga states, â€Å"Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful† (TeachingValues.com LLC, n.d., p1). The Islam religion’s version of the â€Å"Golden Rule† is â€Å"No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires for himself† (TeachingValues.com LLC, n.d., p1). While in Hinduism, it is expressed as â€Å"This is

Critical review of paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical of paper - Literature review Example In the study of Attitudes Towards Transferable Skills in Medical Undergraduates, there is an understanding of how the attitudes and perspectives of medical students are built. The concept applied with this study was to define whether medical undergraduate students believed that transferable skills were important in obtaining their education and degree. The attitudes which were revealed were expected to be used as a challenge to educators to decide whether there needed to be a change with the curriculum and learning styles that are offered in medical schools as well as how this continues to affect the results of students. The subjects of this study included first year students that were enrolled in traditional style courses in graduate school. There was a division in gender as well, specifically to decipher any distinct differences between demographic groups. The questions which were asked included how important the undergraduate students believed transferable skills were. This was followed by questions about one’s own ability with transferable skills as well as the influences of their first year courses in creating more skills to prepare for the me dical profession (Whittle, Eaton, 2001). The analysis of the specific subjects led to the same attitude among almost all first year students. Each believed that transferable skills were important in moving into the right career field and achieving the needed goals as medial students. It was also noted that all of the participants believed that organizational skills and self – learning skills were the most important in building the correct transferable skills for the profession. Most of the students had a high level of confidence in their own skills with male students having a significantly higher amount of confidence than women. It was also noted that male students had more confidence in terms of self – learning, technical skills and the ability to handle

Global Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Study - Assignment Example According to the article â€Å"The Chinese Century† by Joseph E. Stigitz, China overtook the US as the largest Economy of the world. The writer states that it is a wakeup call that came as a surprise for the US. Is it true that China is the words largest economy as of now, and what are the future expectations? China enters the year 2015 as the world’s largest economy (Stiglitz). Latest news show that China has truly become the world’s leading economy and the US is number 2 after 142 years (Since 1872). The economy of the Chinese is worthy $17.6 trillion while that of the US is worth $17.4 trillion. China’s economy will still grow further: IMF estimates it to be 27 trillion in 2019. The New York Times article â€Å"China’s Economic Empire† by Heriberto and Juan America and Europe has become uncomfortable with China’s rise economically. Is it true that China is taking over American and European companies? What is evident is that China has bought large companies of the west such as the American pork producer, Smithfield Foods and Club Med (HERIBERTO and JUAN). According to BBC news, Chinese companies have 2 ways in which they expand overseas: ‘organically’ through scaling their processes, or ‘organically’ acquisition of foreign

The Lifecycle Of Pidgins And Creoles English Language Essay

The Lifecycle Of Pidgins And Creoles English Language Essay In reference to Hall, normal languages do not have life cycles, however, defining normal can be quite a complex and challenging task, especially when correctly categorising what language is normal. Hall attempts to define normal language as follows: One handed down from generation to generation through transference to children who learn it as their first language. (Quoted in Romaine, 1988, p 115) Pidgins tend to differ from this particular definition as in contrast to normal languages a pidgin usually comes into existence for a specific reason, lasts just as long as the situation that called in into being and then quickly goes out of use (Hall, p 115). A pidgin has the potential to gain a longer lifespan by evolving into a native language or becoming creolized and therefore acquiring the status of a normal language. When studying pidgins and creoles in detail, it rapidly becomes apparent that it is much more testing to study pidgins and creoles as two separate processes, rather than as two aspects of the same linguistic process, just at different stages. It has proven to be quite problematic for many researchers to specify accurately when a pidgin becomes a fully developed creole with a significant community of nativized speakers; however academics have developed a fairly precise continuum which states that a pidgin must traditionally experience four phases of development before winning the status of a creole. Throughout each phase, the language becomes much more complex and sophisticated, indicating features of a normal language. The developmental continuum is as follows: Jargon Stable Pidgin Expanded Pidgin Creole The first phase of the developmental continuum is the Jargon stage or prepidgin stage where vocabulary is extremely limited. The Jargon phase is the very beginning of the life cycle, where the purpose of the makeshift language is to merely form communication between two incomprehensible languages and is used in very limited domains, commonly trade and labour. Robertson (1948, Quoted in Romaine, 1988, p 118) however, suggests the idea that there is a pre-jargon stage where makeshift languages are instantly constructed on the spot out of a combination of gestures and speech. The example given to demonstrate this theory is the arrival of a European trade ship in Tahiti in 1767; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we made all the friendly signs that we could think of, and showed them several trinkets in order to get some of them on-boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they paddled all round the ship and made signs of friendship to us by holding up Branches of Plantain trees, and making a long speech of near fifteen minutesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but non of us could understand themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we made signs to them, to bring of Hogs, Fowls and fruit and showed them some coarse cloth, Knives sheers Beeds Ribons etc., and made them understand that we was willing to barter with them. (Robertson, 1948 as quoted in Romaine, 1988, p 118) The jargon phase itself is not a huge progression from the pre-jargon stage suggested by Robertson as sentences are only minimal; one or two words in length at maximum. Lexicon is exceptionally small and the sound system is very basic (Romaine, p 117). Labov (1970/1977) defines this phase as an ingenious and original mode of expression which combines knowledge of the native vernacular with an imperfect grasp of the other languages in the new environment (Labov, as quoted in Romaine, 1988, p 118-119). There is evidence of considerable variation throughout the jargon phase as it is a newly constructed pidgin with no set linguistic rules, often resulting in confusion and a near incomprehensible language. For example, instances have shown how different syntactical structures can be used to the lexical items employed. The illustration given by Romaine is one of a Japanese woman who travelled to Hawaii, speaking her own form of expression as quite an isolated individual, never acquiring th e Hawaii Pidgin English. The language which she chose to adopt under these circumstances consisted of a primarily Japanese syntax with both Japanese and English lexical items. Furthermore, in the jargon stage, there is what Silverstein (1972) (quoted by Romaine, 1988:120) labelled a double illusion a contact language relatable to both parties native languages. The example illustrated by Silverstein is as follows; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there is a particular jargon between the French and the Indians, which is neither French nor Indian, and nevertheless when the French use it, they think they are speaking Indian, and the Indians in taking it up think they are speaking good French. (Jeune, 1633) This jargon is described by Silverstein as one with an unsystematic nature and lack[s] independent grammatical norms, (Silverstein, as quoted by Romaine, 1988:120) though other scholars disagreed with this somewhat negative interpretation and insisted that it was a vital trade component. The following period of the pidgin-creole lifecycle is the Stable Pidgin phase, where language is used not only for communication but for self-expression also. There is a stronger sense of linguistic complexity at this stage as both simple and complex sentences are applied. The most suitable example of a pidgin that falls under this category is Russenorsk (Russo-Norwegian); a trade pidgin which was used in Northern Norway by Russian merchants and Norwegian fisherman during the Pomor trade. (Romaine, 1988:124) Russenorsk is unique when compared against other pidgin languages, considering its lifespan. Generally speaking, a pidgin lasts as long as its required and then becomes obsolete. The alternative possibility is for the pidgin to become creolized and acquire a community of native speakers. However, Russenorsk is an exceptional instance and unlike normal pidgins has existed for such a long period of time without creolizing. The time between the first attested occurrence of the lang uage (in a lawsuit in 1785) until its extinction at the time of the First World War and the Russian revolution is 141 years (Romaine, p 125). The most obvious cause for this anomaly is the fact that it was merely used as a seasonal trade language in the summer months; it never became a fully-functioning native language, nor did it fall out of use (until WW1). A stable pidgins lexicon remains fairly small in size; Russenorsks vocabulary consisted of a total of approximately 390 words, however, half of which only occurred once, resulting in a key vocabulary of about 150-200 words. It was a very concise language, showing no signs of any inflections or categories such as gender, number or tense. Also absent is the verb to have. As a result of this and the fact that terminology remarkably originated from a wide variety of languages such as Dutch, German, French, Swedish and Lappish as well as Russian and Norwegian, there was evidence of many doublets or parallel forms. For example; good/well could be spoken as bra, good, dobra, dobro or korosjo further adding confusion (Fox, 1973, as quoted by Romaine, 1988:126-7). Fascinatingly, Slobin (1977, as quoted by Romaine, p 129) uses Russenorsk as a prime example of a language extremely close to universal grammar. Universal grammar is a linguistic concept proposed by Chomsky that suggests the idea that the capability to learn and understand grammar can happen without being taught that it is a cognitive process that happens naturally. According to Bickertons language bioprogram theory (1996), the principle of Universal Grammar is linked to pidgin and creole languages because specific characteristics are common in all different languages, allowing foreign speakers of language to interact and form a new language (pidgin). One of the characteristics, given by example by Bickerton, is the way in which an interrogative sentence can be transformed into a declarative sentence through purely altering intonation. Like the jargon phase, there is still a degree of variation in the stable pidgin stage, especially in pronunciation, according to Broch and Jahr (1984, quoted by Romaine, p 129) who said that pronunciation varied depending on the language and dialect background of individual speakers. The penultimate stage of the pidgin-creole lifecycle is the Expanded Pidgin phase. Here, grammar becomes much more complex and speech tempo is increased. Language and discourse becomes evidently much more cohesive and consistent. It is used not only as a simple means of communication for trade purposes, but in everyday life for self-expression and literature. (Romaine 1988:138) Sankoff (1977, as quoted by Romaine, p 139) was interested in the comparison between normal languages and pidgins when investigating speech tempo. Her data showed that pidgins are vocalized at a slower rate than normal languages, largely due to the fact that pidgins are used merely as a second language to users and not as a first. It is only when a speaker becomes fluent in the language, does the tempo increase. Data that explores features of Tok Pisin (perhaps one of the most well-known expanded pidgins) shows that one of the features that separate a childs speech from adults is phonology. For instance, a child might condense syllables. The example given by Sankoff and Laberge (1973) is the phrase Mi go long haus (pronounced using four syllables by adults). However, they noticed that in comparison, a child is more likely to say Mi go l:aus, using only three syllable by shifting stress patterns. The concluding stage of the life-cycle is when the pidgin becomes creolized and takes on the identity of its dominant parent. However, according to Muhlhausler (1980), creolization does not necessarily have to take place at the final stage of the life-cycle, but can occur at any stage in the developmental continuum from jargon to expanded pidgin (as quoted by Romaine, p 154). He suggests that there are three possible varieties of creolization: Type 1: Jargon Creole Type 2: Jargon Stabilized pidgin Creole Type 3: Jargon Stabilized pidgin Expanded pidgin Creole Most known instances fall under Type 3 and are wide-spread creoles that are still fully-functioning and in use today such as Tok Pisin (spoken largely in Papua New Guinea as an official language and the most broadly used in that country) and West African Pidgin English. Some known instances fall under Type 2, however is much less common. Examples of Type 2 creoles include North Australian creoles and Torres Strait creoles (Romaine, p. 155). Cases of Type 1 creoles are currently non-existent. In contrast, Bickerton proposes an alternate view and suggests that creolization after stabilization of a pidgin is rare and in the majority of circumstances, pidgins have creolized whilst still being highly unstable in the early stages of development. So far, we have discussed the idea that creoles are formed from a pidgin which stabilizes. However, Bickerton goes even further to controversially suggest that there is no such link between pidgin and creole and that the development of a creole has more to do with the innate devices of a first language acquisition than with a gradual evolution from a pidgin. For example; Tok Pisin the lingua franca of Papua New Guinea had developed whilst co-existing alongside another language, therefore integrating many of its characteristics. However, what Bickerton labels the classic creole situation (where creole-speakers have been torn from their native cultures) differs from Tok Pisin as the majority of speakers could still rely on another langu age. (Bickerton, 1981, as quoted by Singh, 2000:52-53) DeCamp (1971) focuses his research on the fate of a creole upon reaching the end of the creole continuum. This particular area is not as thoroughly researched as earlier stages; however, DeCamp makes some attempt at outlining the potential routes a creole may take. These are: May well continue its status as a creole and remain unaffected, much like the Haitian Creole seems to have done. It may become obsolete. It may take on the identity of its dominant parent as a normal language. It may progressively combine with the national language as is happening in Jamaica (decreolization). (DeCamp, 1971, as quoted by Romaine, p 157). The post-creole continuum is as follows: Basilect Mesolect Acrolect The creole is what is meant by basilect, the national corresponding language is what is meant by acrolect and any transitional varieties in-between is what is referred to as the mesolect (Romaine, p 158). To go back to the question of the entire paper, is there a point at which a creole stops being a creole and takes on the identity of its dominant parent? We must look at the work of ODonnell and Todd (1980, as quoted by Romaine, p158), who points out that at the end of the continuum, we are not dealing with two distinct systems, but an unbroken spectrum between the pidgin or creole on the one hand, and the prestigious standard on the other. There is no point of the continuum where we find a sharp break between the varieties. Word Count: 2,120

Unions Essay -- essays research papers fc

Michael Paul 099 66 3949 History 316z Trade unionism, industrial unionism, and socialism were the main forms of organized labor in the late nineteenth century early twentieth century, yet rarely did these shifting currents flow in complementary ways that might appeal to the vast majority of struggling workers. The three most important formal organizations were the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Socialist Party of America. All three of these organizations had there own strengths but the many weaknesses and divisions combined with outside influences caused the retardation of their radical, left wing ideas. The American Federation of Labor was founded with the intention of building the class conscioussness and economic power of workers by organizing them on occupational lines. It pursued policies to win short term, concrete, economic gains (Cashman,206.) The AFL was first established as the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor U nions of the United States and Canada from several independent national trade unions in 1881 and it took its definitive form and new name in 1886.The AFL was decentralized and organized as a loose coalition of almost autonomous national unions (Cashman,205.) The advantage to this was that decisions were made in each union where the leaders understood the situation. However, the AFL retreated from its Marxian origins to become a profoundly conservative organization restricted to the ranks of skilled, white males. This restrictive policy was a major flaw of the AFL and kept them from gaining the numbers and strength that it may have attained. These policies came directly from the ideas of the AFL’s longtime leader Samuel Gompers. Gompers believed that labor should accept the existing capitalist economy but try and get a larger share for labor by way of higher wages, shorter hours and better conditions of work. He believed that the idealistic goal of a fundamental economic refor m was an illusion (Cashman,221.) His conservative approach included negotiation and conciliation in labor disputes and in resort to strikes only after other methods had failed. He opposed alliances with political parties and the formation of a labor political party. His prime concern was the status of the skilled worker, which under his leadership attained greater stability than ever before. In concentratin... ...s. By contrast the IWW led by Bill Haywood was the most radical and controversial of all American labor movements. Haywood’s unconventional methods and uncompromising stands frequently put him at odds with allies and opponents alike. And the Socialist Party of America led by Eugene Debs had potential to improve the lives of workers everywhere but do to internal conflicts was unable to truly make a difference. Had these three organizations been able to play off one another they may have been able to realize their ultimate goals. The AFL containing the skilled workers was the most powerful, the IWW took what the AFL did not want giving the unskilled worker a voice and the Socialist Party went in to politics, using political offices to gain power for the working class. Ultimately because of the different outlooks of these three groups the American labor movement, though it gained some ground, was a loss. Bibliography Works cited Cashman, Sean. America in the age of titans. New York university press, NY ,1988 Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers university of illinois press, illinois 1997 Leuchtenberg, William. The Perils of Prosperity. The university of chicago press, london, 1958

Of Mice And Men Slim Questions Essay

Question A- How does the extract improve the reader’s understanding of Slim? The passage immediately introduces Slim as an authoritative and almost regal member of the ranch: â€Å"He moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen.† Most of the men working on the ranch are transient and poor and, although Slim is no exception, he does not share their careless and selfish attitudes. Slim also accepts his authority and responsibilities, despite the fact that he would have little respect outside of the ranch, which, ironically, places him in high standing on the ranch. This is emphasized by the admiration and respect given to him by the others: â€Å"†¦the prince of the ranch†. He is awarded a title by the others due to the fact that they do not see him as equal to them; they view him as an almost mythical person of extreme benevolence and compassion. They therefore give him more attention and hold him higher esteem than they do with anyone else on the ranch, meaning that Slim has, in the men’s opinions; become the unofficial leader of the ranch. Furthermore, the passage describes Slim as something similar to a divine being: â€Å"His hatchet face was ageless†. This suggests that, to the others, Slim is god-like and unique in his ability to never fail physically and consequently never to suffer the pain, humiliation and uselessness anyone else would be forced into, as demonstrated by Candy. Despite all of the adoration and respect surrounding Slim, it is clear to the reader that his future is that of the other men, as shown in the statement: ‘Like the others he wore blue jeans and a short denim jacket.’ Slim is like every other worker on the ranch; he is exactly as lonely and incomplete as they are, symbolised by his clothing, and he has to cope with the same problems. The reader is shown the reality before the idolised view, but it makes the build-up of his prowess and pre-eminence all the more staggering. It becomes apparent that despite all of the idolisation and respect that surrounds Slim, he will eventually succumb to his fate and become like Candy, useless and alone. Slim is displayed with an aura around him of intelligence and importance that is felt by everyone at the ranch: â€Å"There was a gravity in his manner and a quiet so profound that all talk stopped when he spoke.† Slim is constantly presented as a stark difference to the other characters, someone to idealise and appears as something abnormal yet desired by them all. He becomes the other character’s paragon of perfection, everything they had wished to be. Similarly, he is shown to be considered omniscient by the others on the ranch: â€Å"His ear heard more and was said to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought.† Slim is revered by the others as someone far beyond their comprehension as well as something they could only wish to be. They are all lonely and so connect to Slim as someone who they believe could protect them and could advise them without judging or pitying them; in his understanding of them, he becomes their guide and protector. Contrastingly, Steinbeck gives his character a very real and human nature to him as well: â€Å"‘It’s brigther’n a bitch outside,’ he said gently.† It is easy for the reader to become swept up in the exaggerated, romanticised and dramatised version of Slim but the reader is shocked by the simplicity of Slim’s mannerisms and behaviour, but this shock is not unpleasant. The contradiction throws the reader, but also shares with them the characters’ ability to befriend Slim despite his apparent superiority and further shows that despite his air of mystery and omniscience, he is similar to the other men. How does Steinbeck use the character of Slim to convey ideas and themes in the novel? Loneliness and isolation is despairingly apparent throughout the novel and Slim is used to highlight it: â€Å"Slim came directly to George and sat down beside him, sat very close.† Steinbeck uses Slim as a protector of George and a life line to redeem him, to accent the fact the in the aftermath of Lennie’s execution; George is then as completely alone as everyone else on the ranch and like the other transient workers during that time period. Slim is used throughout the novel to show the need for hope during the Great Depression, as shown when he comforts George. Slim is also used to show the inevitable loss of hope and the realisation that many cannot achieve their ‘American dream’: â€Å"You hadda, George. I swear you hadda.† The speech here is used as comfort to George after he shoots Lennie, but it also an equivocation and implies that George never really had an opportunity to achieve his and Lennie’s ‘American dream’, that none of the characters in the novel did and that they would always end up alone, no matter how hard they fight to change this. Furthermore, Slim’s character is used to display the harsh reality of the world and displays the efficient and unsentimental view of a ranch: â€Å"Candy looked a very long time at Slim to try to find some reversal. And Slim gave him none.† The cruel reality of a world where worth is decided by a single party and skills have no sway over events appears as a strange concept to the reader and Slim is used to demonstrate that it is necessary for him to pass judgement over the other men on the ranch and the events of the novel. Slim is displayed as the embodiment of strength and skill in the novel: â€Å"†¦capable of driving ten, sixteen, even twenty mules with a single line to the leaders.† This shows that he has value to the ranch and that he is still capable of working for them successfully and while used to boast his abilities, this description of Slim is also used to show that characters in the novel and the transient workers of the time needed to be useful in order to stay on for work and to keep in high opinions of their employers and co-workers. In this, Slim is shown to be useful, and therefore have value because he is still young and fit enough to work. Contrastingly, he is also shown to be limited and allows a shift in the good and evil balance: â€Å"You stay here with her then, Candy. The rest of us better get goin’.† Even though Slim’s abilities and influence are exaggerated by the imaginations of the men on the ranch, they are still real and if he had wished to stop Curley’s attempts to kill Lennie he probably would have succeeded. Steinbeck uses him here in the crucial moment that decides Lennie’s fate, to show that all evil needs to succeed is for good people not to stop it.